Child Labour in Third World Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Child Labour in Third World Countries - Essay Example In 2002, the U.S. Congress passed legislation ordering the Department of Labour's Bureau of International Labour Affairs to study the relationship between education and military expenditure in countries where child labour is recognized to be particularly common. The word child labour in general refers to any economic activity carried out by someone not above the age of 15. Not all work done by children is harmful or manipulative. Child labour does not normally refer to part-time work after school or rightful internship opportunities for young people. Nor does it refer to adolescent people helping out in the family business or on the family farm. Rather, the "child labour" of concern is general employment that prevents children from getting education, and which is often performed under conditions dangerous to the physical and mental health of the child. The International Labour Organization, or the ILO, defines child labour as "some types of work" done by children under the age of 18. The ILO also says that child labour includes full-time work done by children under 15 years of age that prevents them from going to school (getting an education), or that is dangerous to their health. More complete definitions of what child labour is in regard, age restrictions, job types, and exceptions can be found in convention 138, convention 182, and the convention on the rights of the child. (Child Labour) Other sources and organizations disagree on what child labour is. Some utter that it is merely perilous work or work that obstruct with a child's education, while others are broader and include any work done by children working for compensation. Some organizations, such as UNICEF draw a line between child labour and child work, which can consist of light work done by children above the age of 12. Child Labour in the Fashion Industry There are no reliable statistics on the rate of child employment in any particular economic activity, including the fashion industry. Most information on child labour in the garment industry comes from eyewitness accounts, studies by non -governmental organizations (NGOs) and academicians, reports by journalists, and studies by the International Labour Organization (ILO). Unreliable information obtained during the preparation of this report indicates that in some of the countries examined, fewer children could currently be working on garment exports for the U.S. market than two years ago. A striking example involves Bangladesh, where great numbers of children worked in garment factories as lately as 1994. Worldwide media attention and intimidation of boycotts and cancelled work orders led to the dismissal of thousands of child workers from the garment sector unfortunately without any backup support for them. Thus, it is possible that in the lack of government programs to help the children, the abrupt discharge of child workers can put them in danger, rather than protect them. More research is required so that governments, industry, international organizations, and others apprehensive of the welfare of children are better capable of designing suitable programs. It is obvious, though, those local and national assurances to collective and free education for children are instant and optimistic steps which can and should be taken. One cause for any possible downward

Psychology And How It Affects The System Of Referencing Essay Example for Free

Psychology And How It Affects The System Of Referencing Essay Cataloging is an olden time procedure that is made to arrange the collection of books within libraries. Of course, since libraries are considered to have a large collection of reading materials, arranging them into categories helps in the process of researching for the students or plain readers alone. However, this procedure of arranging the files and taking notes of the information with regards a certain book takes much time and effort from the librarians that they are already incapable of doing the primary responsibility that they should be addressing in their profession, assisting the readers. Today, the development of technology aides in libraries have created a radical change within the systems of arranging the files as well as redefined the role of librarians in completing the tasks appointed for them to finish. Technological changes are indeed good. As for this matter, the changes of the procedures taken into consideration by libraries have indeed radically changed the ways by which the librarians tried to complete their duties to their profession,. The existence of computer-based programs also made several files in the local libraries available online making it more convenient for readers to utilize. More than that, it could be noted that the digital based Operating System that is used in public libraries have made it easier for readers to find the actual resources that they need for their researches becomes highly possible and efficient for the users. Yes, the impact of technology in library activities as well as within the procedures of referencing could indeed be considered one of the most successful applications that is made and presented by today’s modern technology. Of course, with the massive overflow of informations through the publication of several reading materials, filing them up in a way that readers would have them through easier access today is beneficial. This is also true in terms of psychological referencing. IT is undeniable that both traditional and modern technological approaches make the psychological references more utilized for studies and assessment procedures for present researches. Psychology too interacts with the different approaches used today in referencing systems. Most often than not, the systems carry the fact that there are certain measures that needs consideration in terms of the acceptance of the human behavior with the referencing systems that are concerned with systematically placing references for basis of studies. Because of the utilization of technology, it is undeniable that the major sources on derived from psychological readings had primarily been improved. Both the ideas and the authors are carefully jotted down in researches with ample accuracy that the studies passed about psychology are then considered to be highly authoritative and validated in terms of sourced references. References: VICTOR HERRERO-SOLANA. (March 2006). Graphical Table of Contents for Library Collections: The Application of Universal Decimal Classification Codes to Subject Maps. Information Technology and Libraries. JOHN D. BYRUM JR. AND DAVID W. WILLIAMSON. (March 2006). Enriching Traditional Cataloging for Improved Access to Information: Library of Congress Tables of Contents Projects. Information Technology and Libraries. Library Information and Technology Association. (February 2007). Futurespeak: A Preface to Top Technology Trends in Libraries.

The Disease to Follow Is a Greater Threat :: Journalism Epidemics Health Essays

The Disease to Follow Is a Greater Threat This year, our nation faced a pair of crises: war and pestilence. Even as our brave men fought for America on Germany soil, an invisible and perhaps more deadly foe took hold in our nation and around the world. Our nation's hospitals face a drastic shortage of staff and space to accommodate adequately both the wounded soldiers who have returned from the war and our civilian population who have fallen victim to influenza. This was a consequence that we could not have foreseen. It is suspected that the origin of this great epidemic may have been Boston, considering that it is one of the busiest ports in our nation. From there the infection has spread throughout the New England area and reached areas as remote as California. Although this disease is called the "Spanish Influenza" it has spread beyond Spain, Europe and America. Cases from as far as the Orient and even Africa have been documented and verified. Clearly, this is no ordinary flu. However, I believe that this flu is extraordinary not only in its destructive nature, but in casting a legacy of distrust for science amongst the general populace. In Sierra Leone the flu was brought from Europe and become a deadly epidemic. A report claims that as many as 1,000 individuals had died there in a single week. Furthermore, the shortage of food in the region further execrated the problem. Strangely, the disease did [not] just claim human victims. There were even reports in Sierra Leone of monkeys and other primates who became stricken with the flu. (NY Times) The flu was perhaps hardest on our troops fighting abroad. Not only did they have to contend with the German infantry's relentless machine gun fire from the trenches, but they also endured some of the harshest conditions in the history of war. Here at home, we could easily put on a mask and avoid those who are infected hoping that we could avoid this virulent disease. But our brave fighting men could not. In the trenches of Germany, they had more to worry about than simply catching a cold. Their survival often depended on the cover fire from their nearest comrade, sick or not. Needless to say, the Americans were not the only party affected by this illness. The Disease to Follow Is a Greater Threat :: Journalism Epidemics Health Essays The Disease to Follow Is a Greater Threat This year, our nation faced a pair of crises: war and pestilence. Even as our brave men fought for America on Germany soil, an invisible and perhaps more deadly foe took hold in our nation and around the world. Our nation's hospitals face a drastic shortage of staff and space to accommodate adequately both the wounded soldiers who have returned from the war and our civilian population who have fallen victim to influenza. This was a consequence that we could not have foreseen. It is suspected that the origin of this great epidemic may have been Boston, considering that it is one of the busiest ports in our nation. From there the infection has spread throughout the New England area and reached areas as remote as California. Although this disease is called the "Spanish Influenza" it has spread beyond Spain, Europe and America. Cases from as far as the Orient and even Africa have been documented and verified. Clearly, this is no ordinary flu. However, I believe that this flu is extraordinary not only in its destructive nature, but in casting a legacy of distrust for science amongst the general populace. In Sierra Leone the flu was brought from Europe and become a deadly epidemic. A report claims that as many as 1,000 individuals had died there in a single week. Furthermore, the shortage of food in the region further execrated the problem. Strangely, the disease did [not] just claim human victims. There were even reports in Sierra Leone of monkeys and other primates who became stricken with the flu. (NY Times) The flu was perhaps hardest on our troops fighting abroad. Not only did they have to contend with the German infantry's relentless machine gun fire from the trenches, but they also endured some of the harshest conditions in the history of war. Here at home, we could easily put on a mask and avoid those who are infected hoping that we could avoid this virulent disease. But our brave fighting men could not. In the trenches of Germany, they had more to worry about than simply catching a cold. Their survival often depended on the cover fire from their nearest comrade, sick or not. Needless to say, the Americans were not the only party affected by this illness.

Don DeLillo Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Don DeLillo Throughout the twentieth-century, humanity has had the privilege of reading the works of many fine authors. Authors such as Toni Morrison, James Joyce, and even Robert Pinsky all come to mind. But when one thinks of the most prolific writers in the twentieth century, Don DeLillo is certainly one of them. Born in New York City in a small Italian neighborhood in the Bronx, DeLillo was destined to be a writer. He attended Fordham University where, upon graduation, he worked for an advertising agency. Dissatisfied, he left the agency in 1964 to begin working as a freelance writer. As a freelance writer, sustaining a living on a mere two thousand dollars a year. DeLillo wrote on a vast amount of subjects including computers and furniture and began to work on his first novel, Americana. It was his first published novel that took him nearly four years to finish. Although DeLillo encountered many obstacles during work on Americana, he persevered overcoming "constant interruptions to make money" (Charters 428). It was during this time that DeLillo knew that he was a writer. Other novels were born after Americana. End Zone, which was written shortly thereafter, also achieved significant success. During the next twelve years, DeLillo wrote five more novels including the breakthrough White Noise that was published in 1985 and for which he won the coveted American Book Award. Other novels followed including Libra in 1988 and the 1991 debut of Mao II, a novel about terrorism and political violence which won DeLillo the PEN/Faulkner Award for fiction. In addition to his novels, DeLillo also wrote plays, short stories and essays on various contemporary subjects. In 1997, however, DeLillo would prove to the writing world tha... ...and research what is going on in their domain. In addition, Underworld is a novel that encompasses loose-knit fabrications of the tensions, preoccupations, and manias of modern America. Whether they are about the Cold War or our love for the media and its flattening of character, we as a society rely on sources that are not relevant to our own thinking. This was DeLillo’s ultimate goal when he wrote Underworld. The ability to look at things and rely on one's own source of thinking to interpret what they mean is important to DeLillo. He encourages his readers to allocate their resources and find out the validity in their world and the problems that could come into it. Works Cited Charters, Ann, ed. The Story and Its Writer. Fifth Edition. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. DeLillo, Don. Underworld. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1997.

American Mafia

According to Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, The American Mafia especially Five Families has its origins in Italian Cosa Nostra. The American Cosa Nostra underwent many changes at the hands of Black Hand gangs around 1900s, Five Points Gang during 1910s and 1920s in New York City and Al Capone’s Syndicate in 1920s in Chicago. Two factions of organized crime emerged by the end of 1920s leading to Castellamarese war for gaining control over organized crime in New York City. Murder of Joseph Masseria, leader of one of the factions ended the war uniting the two factions.First leader of the American Mafia Salvatore Maranzano established a code of conduct, â€Å"family† divisions and structure. He also established certain procedures to resolve disputes but was murdered within six months. Charles â€Å"Lucky† Luciano took over the reins and set up a â€Å"Commission† consisting of bosses from six or seven families for managing their activities. According to Bind er, Jim Colosimo or â€Å"Big Jim† was considered the most powerful gangster and led a multi-ethnic group, with Italian, Jewish, Irish, Greek and other members. In May 1920 he was probably shot dead by â€Å"Frankie Yale under contract John Torrio.† John Torrio took over and united major local gangs dividing the liquor business in Chicago city to a stable state and profitability. The other major gangs during this period in Chicago were North Siders led by Dion O’Banion, the Guilfoyle gang, the Gennas in Little Italy, the West Side O’Donnells, the Druggan-Lake gang, the Saltis-McErlane gang and the Sheldon gang. Torrio under the guidance of Capone took over brothels in Cicero and managed the largest area covering the South Side and major suburbs occupying the south and west of the city.Problems started when a gang tried to increase its profits by not following the agreement strictly and entered neighboring gang’s territory. Friction between Gennas a nd the O’Banion gang led to the murder of O’Banion in November 1924 starting off prohibition gang wars. The Sheldon gang, the Gennas, the Druggan and Lake, the Guilfoyle and later the Circus Gang were all allies of Torrio-Capone. Chicago Heights joined Capone in 1926 and controlled Joliet and major areas east of Indiana and south of Chicago. Torrio was succeeded by Al Capone in 1925.Gennas under Hymie Weiss surrendered after their leadership was attacked by North Siders and the Gennas rackets such as Unione Siciliana were taken over by Al Capone appointing Tony Lombardo as Unione president. The West Side O’Donnells joined ranks with Capone in 1926 after a short lived gang war. Similarly Sheldon gang too joined Capone after Danny Stanton left the town. Gang wars continued for several years and North Siders lost Hymie Weiss in October 1926, nothing remarkable was noticed until the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929.Now let us consider organized black gang s during this period run by Italian, Jewish and Irish gangsters operating from Harlem, New York and a few loosely run black gangs concentrated primarily on policy and lottery gambling, prostitution and drugs. Bell stated that over 200,000 blacks returned after World War I to Harlem expecting better pay, better housing and equality. But they realized very soon that whites had not changed and found some of the worst low paying menial jobs such as that of janitors, bootblacks, cooks, houseboys and baggage handlers.They were paid very less compared to a white person doing the same work. The housing situation too was worst; Harlem an overcrowded and segregated community accommodated more than 250,000 citizens in 50 blocks long and 8 blocks wide area with more than 5,000 people staying in one block. The people were compelled to sleep in shifts. Blacks suffered the most with Racism, race riots and labor riots being the order of the day. Things moved from bad to worse with the passage of 18 th Amendment to the constitution banning sale of alcoholic beverages by the Congress on January 20, 1920.Establishments primarily depending on the sale of these products (alcoholic beverages) were compelled to down the shutters across the nation. These developments marked the beginning of the infamous Roaring Twenties – one of the country’s darkest periods when the mob, the crooked politicians and the gangsters ruled. Taking advantage of the fact that consumption of alcohol was a part of American culture and people could not stop drinking due to prohibition, the mob and the crooked entrepreneurs illegally transported the alcoholic beverages from the Canadian border and at times even manufactured beer and liquor.â€Å"The overt exclusion of blacks from the nation's economic, social and political processes only served to foment alternative means toward becoming a part of established idealized factions. † Blacks were suppressed to the maximum possible extent by den ying good jobs, influential political positions, advanced education, nice homes, equal social treatment and benefits. Thus most of the black Americans took to illegal means to compensate for the economic denials.Black crime was independent initially with traditional thievery, gambling, prostitution and robbery, but later two key factors Bolito (the numbers game) and drugs led to evolvement of organized crime. Bets could be placed from any where such as parlors, bars, restaurants, pool halls, barber shops, drugstores and even from their homes, more than 800 runners or bet collectors hurried places to collect and place bets on behalf of customers in 30 policy banks. The policy bankers became the richest and started extending loans and finance to Harlem residents, which the blacks could not expect from whites operated financial institutions.The big time number operators included James Warner, Stephanie St. Clair, Casper Holstein, Wilfred Brandon, Jose Miro, Joseph Ison, Masjoe Ison and Simeon Francis. By 1928 the numbers game became most profitable and the arrests on this count also increased. Profits were reported to the elected representatives through police officials and these corrupt elected politicians had strong links with mob’s syndicate led by white gangsters. â€Å"Corruption ran throughout New York's law enforcement, legal and political systems, including bondsmen, high-ranking police officials, judges, lawyers and politicians.† To protect themselves the night clubs, businesses, bars, pimps, whores, gamblers, bankers and number runners started paying huge kickbacks. Democratic Party boss in Manhattan, James J. Hines had links with mobster and beer baron â€Å"Dutch† Schultz. Schultz and fellow Murder Inc. gangsters â€Å"Lucky† Luciano, Frank Costello, Owney Madden, Bugsy Siegel, Joe Adonis and Meyer Lansky started taking over Harlem’s numbers racket. Short gang wars that erupted due to taking over and syndication led to an estimated 40 murders and 6 kidnappings. By late 1928 a total of 20 policy banks remained out of 40 and most of the bankers retired mysteriously.Dutch Schultz was in total control and called â€Å"King of Harlem Bankers† From the discussion above it is clear that organized crime had flourished in American society basically due to prohibition which was in vogue from 1920 to 1933 and every affluent individual was either directly or indirectly involved in illegal activities such as illicit liquor trafficking, prostitution, maintenance of brothel houses and having ties with mafia bosses. It is now clear that removal of prohibition led to a reduction in one of the evils i. e. , illegal liquor trafficking, but other illegal activities do continue carried out even to this day.References Cosa Nostra. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2006). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cosa_Nostra John Binder. The Chicago Outfit (2003). Arcadia Publishing. Page nos. 27 to 42. Walter A. Bell. Brief History. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/index. html Walter A. Bell. The Roaring Twenties. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005).Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/2. html Walter A. Bell. The Numbers Game. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/3. html Walter A. Bell. The Takeovers and Syndication. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/6. html

Speech on Children of the Night

Speech on Children of the Night Introduction Every day young children are involved in prostitution in America as a way to seek food and other needs such as shelter. Most of these children who practice this vice happen to have faced sexual assault by in their early childhood life by close relatives. Pimps who force them to be prostitutes torture them. These children most likely do not have proper homes to return to, having trusted relatives who live away from them (Lee, 2011). They have no option but to live in a college dorm or maternity home. When these children reach 18 years, the organization recommends them to join special programs for those that need assistance with school. Children of The Night is an organization that assists these children to reform and change their ways to become better; it is a non-profit organization rescues these children to quit prostitution and offer programs through support from private donations. Body I am informing you about Children of The Night, and the society on the efforts they make to seek the welfare these unfortunate children on the streets. The key idea here is to provide information on the help that these children require and how to reach them. They are prone to repeating the same habits even after correction. Rehabilitation is the main aim and informing them on dangers of those acts, and stopping more children to engage in prostitution. Dr.Lois Lee founded this organization in 1979, as these children had no one to help them, and lived on the streets. This organization caters for such kind of children regardless on where they are in America. It provides refuge for these children prostitutes, and for safety from the streets helping them to learn adapting to live in the society. This organization is voluntary, and provides necessities and moral support for these unfortunate children in America. They provide these children with a way out and help them experience a sense of family. Employees here pay attention to every child in a special way and they cater for them in specific ways according to their needs. How does â€Å"children of the night† bring value to the community? Children of the Night is a refuge for child prostitutes, they listen to these children and assist them achieve success. They give them a taste of normal life and assist them to learn working on their own. This organization shows these children unconditional love and helps build their self-esteem. I have watched a video from their website whereby some of these children hold placards written ‘I am beautiful’, ‘I am strong’ and ‘I am priceless’ (Lee, 2011). This shows that this organization has helped change the mindset of these children to have a positive thinking. Moreover, these children have been able to participate in recreational activities among other such as sports that they would have never had a chance to engage in if they continued to live on the streets. These children have also gained education and knowledge in AIDs and more. At what extent will these children become helpful to the community? There are several positive effects that Children of the Night brings to the community, which is seen after these children are out of these rehabilitation process, Since this centre was founded, many child prostitutes have been saved from being prostitutes, criminals and drug addicts. This is an evidence America is a better place to live as it is free from drugs and crime. Conclusion Maintenance of a successful charity organization requires great moral support from well-wishers who cares for the well-being of the unfortunate in the society. The information I have written shows clear comprehension of the need to donate to Children of the Night to continue their god work in our country. This is not to benefit anyone financially but to help a big number of children who are directly or rather indirectly affected by prostitution. I therefore encourage you all to come out and contribute money to assist in the running of such organizations that care for the community.

Case Study Report Panera Bread Company

Case Study Report Panera Bread Company Executive Summary Problem Statement After Au Bon Plain Corporation was sold off, Panera Bread Company found it easy to fund the expansion of its company-owned bakery-cafà ©s and franchise-operated bakery-cafà ©s across the United States in order to be one of the leaders in the quick-service restaurant industry.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Case Study Report: Panera Bread Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis Panera Bread Company has endeavored to scrupulously formulate and apply appropriate strategy in order to achieve the objective of being one of the leading quick-service restaurants in the country. The company has over the years specialized in the provision of freshly baked breads, soups, salads, custom roasted coffees, among other cafà © beverages. The following briefly explain these strategies: Divesting Au Bon Pain as a subsidiary of Panera Bread Company with an aim of reserving more resourc es and focus them on the achievement of the objective. Providing a premium specialty bakery and cafà © experience to its customers by specializing on freshly baked breads, soups, salads, custom roasted coffees among others. The right choice of target market, urban workers and suburban dwellers, which is appropriate given its core business activity. The three-pronged expansion approach: company-owned bakery-cafà ©s, franchised bakery-cafà ©s, and bakery-cafà © supply chain facilities. The right choice of site location and signature cafà © design that gives the entire dining experience. Alternative courses of action Panera Bread should pursue cost leadership strategy by implementing target costing pattern of reducing production cost and pricing appropriately. Secondly, it should fully adopt bakery-cafà ©s supply chain without limiting it to the production of fresh sourdough. Recommendations The company should maintain its competitive advantage with regard to proper and seasonal ly revised menu, signature cafà © design and ambience. Moreover, it should expand its niche market and include other potential customers other than urban workers and suburban dwellers. Joint ventures or mergers are also important especially with fast-service restaurants. Implementation The implementation of these strategies lies with middle-level managers and departmental heads owing to the nature of the strategies. Panera Bread has a rather solid financial base and the allocation of finances to the strategic business units should be based be based on Igor Ansoff’s model. Summary Panera Bread Company specializes in the running of bakery-cafà ©s and it positions itself by providing quality and freshly baked breads and other bakery products to its customers across the United States.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The products and services rendered by the c ompany are tailor-made for urban workers and suburban dwellers who require quick-restaurant services. Given the high quality products and services that the company provides, Panera Bread was rated among the best 121 competitors in the quick-service restaurant industry by Sandleman Associates in 2005 (Thompson, 2007, p. 2). This success is attributed to Ron Shaich’s wisdom to divest Panera’s subsidiary, Au Bon Pain Corporation in order to allow Panera Bread marshal its resources toward becoming one of the leading fast-casual restaurant chains in the country. The management adopted a three-pronged approach to its expansion strategy by operating company-owned bakery-cafà ©s, franchise-operated bakery-cafà ©s, and a bakery-cafà © supply chain facility that guarantees the quality of fresh dough used in all Panera outlets. In the outlets, the company adopted a uniform provision of specialty bakery and cafà © experience in the form of artisan sourdough breads made with c raftsman’s attention to quality and detail. It specialized in freshly baked breads, soups, salads, custom roasted coffees, among other cafà © beverages. Consequently, the company’s competitive advantage was distinctive menu, signature cafà © design, inviting ambience, operating systems, and unit locations. It could thus compete in five submarkets of the food-away-from home industry (Thompson, 2007, p. 3). Shaich’s wisdom had been adopted as the company’s long-term objective and the above strategy â€Å"was to make Panera Bread a nationally recognized brand name and to be the dominant restaurant operator in the specialty bakery-cafà © segment (Thompson, 2007, p. 3). The management further introduced Panera fresh catering to extend its market to workplaces, schools, parties, and home gatherings. Moreover, its marketing strategy focused on the competition based on providing an entire dining experience, not on lower pricing only.Advertising We wil l write a custom report sample on Case Study Report: Panera Bread Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The management thus projected to expand the number of Panera Bread locations by 17% annually through 2010 and achieve 25% growth rate of earnings per share annually. In fact, according to the selected statistics of the company (2000 – 2006), its financial returns were impressive and expansion both by company-owned units and franchised ones, were equally progressive and consistent with the objective. Analysis Panera Bread Company seems to be operating its business smoothly toward the achievement of its objective as one of the leaders in the quick-service restaurant industry in the U.S. The company’s CEO, Ron Shaich managed to convince the board of Au Bon Pain Corporation, then a subsidiary of Panera Bread, to divest the business in order to reserve some resources for the implementation of the strategy. This was an important step that facilitated the expansion of the business through establishing more company-operated as well as franchise-operated units in target market. Furthermore, extra finances was used by the company to enhance its menu and start providing all round meals apart from the casual/quick-service baked food (Thompson, 2007, p.13). The concept used by the company enables it to provide a premium specialty bakery and cafà © experience to its customers. It specializes in freshly baked breads, soups, salads, custom roasted coffees et cetera. The company’s chosen target market, urban workers and suburban dwellers, is appropriate given its core business activity. The rationale is that these customers are busy and in need of quick service meal and an exquisite dining experience. However, the company should not pursue this crop of customers only if it has to be the leader in the industry for this will limit its customer base in the long run and curtail the achievement of its objective.Ad vertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Product and service positioning of Panera Bread is excellent for it helps attract customers to the outlets. The distinctive menu that consists of freshly baked food, whole grain foods, and a variety of foodstuffs; the signature cafà © design and cosy ambience; the operating system, et cetera, are strategy that define this positioning. The positioning was encapsulated in the CEO’s speech during the 2005 annual report: â€Å"†¦it’s our Product, Environment, and Great Service (PEGS) that we count on to deliver our success† (Thompson, 2007, p. 3). Panera Bread has made PEGS its competitive advantage in the industry and has therefore, attracted more diners in its nationwide outlets. Panera Bread adopted a novel strategy toward expanding its market share by rolling out a Panera fresh catering program. Through it, the company is able to access the untapped markets in workplaces, schools, parties, and home gatherings. The ambassadors of the company take Paneraâ₠¬â„¢s core business activities outdoors to these places with a bid to win their loyalty to the brand. The strategy of market penetration is good for a company that targets the top position in a country’s restaurant industry. Moreover, Panera’s marketing strategy designed to incorporate PEGS, in addition to low pricing is a plus for the company. In tandem with the strategy is the company’s policy on site selection and cafà © environment, which should be within the target market and exquisite enough to reinforce the ‘entire dining experience’ marketing strategy (Thompson, 2007, p. 8). The three-pronged approach that Panera Bread has adopted as an expansion strategy is commendable. It facilitates its growth by operating company-owned bakery-cafà ©s and through franchising, which has been the company’s key component of market penetration. Given the importance of franchise operation to the company, the management has established stringent criter ion for selecting franchisee candidates. The criterion ensures that the franchisee adheres to the standards provided by Panera Bread Company both in terms quality and pricing of its products and services. Franchising enables the company to get more revenues, paid in form of royalties of about 4% 5% on sales and a franchise fee of $35,000 per bakery-cafà ©; and at the same time expand its customer base. By 2006, the company was in agreement with a total of 42 franchise groups spread in 54 markets in 34 states and were committed to opening 423 additional franchise-operated bakery-cafà ©s (Thompson, 2007, p. 9). To cut on cost and ensure standardization of fresh dough in all its stores, Panera Bread established a bakery-cafà © supply chain with a network of 17 regional facilities supplying fresh dough to both company-owned and franchised bakery-cafà ©s. This backward integration is not only economical to the company, but also an aspect of competitive advantage. The latter is achie ved through consistent quality and dough-making efficiency by the facilities. The management reckons that it is far much cheaper to dedicate the production of dough to a few facilities rather than having each bakery-cafà © perform the activity. Besides, the revenue generated by the facility adds to the profitability of the company-run bakery-cafà © segment of the business (Thompson, 2007, p. 11). From the foregoing discussion, it is evident that Panera Bread Company is scrupulous with its strategy of achieving market leadership objective. However, it faces a somewhat daunting task of outsmarting all the dominant players in the restaurant industry such as McDonald’s, Burger King, Taco Bells, among others. In other words, competition is rife in the industry and Panera Bread must polish its strategy to counter it. The fierce competition in the industry has thrown competitors to adopt differentiation strategy, by lower pricing, location and ambience, convenience, seasonal menu sensitive to consumers’ frequently changing tastes, et cetera. According to the report, the industry is lucrative with total forecast sales of about $511 billion in 2006 yet still growing at the rate of 5% per annum (Thompson, 2007, p. 12). Porter [Michael] would easily attribute this cutthroat competition to the industry growth and since Panera Bread does what everybody else is doing, it is high time it changed tact (Analoui Karami, 2003). For instance, it can incorporate in its current business line, fast-casual restaurant services in order to close the gap with its closest rivals and have virtually ‘everything’ in the industry under one brand: Panera Bread. Alternative Courses of Action Panera Bread can try cost leadership strategy and further differentiate its products and services to distinguish itself from the rest of players in the industry. Cost leadership comes with proper target costing measures that will substantially reduce cost of production. The co mpany has partly employed backward integration strategies insofar as acquiring fresh dough is concerned, nevertheless it ought to extend the supply chain strategy to all supplies the way McDonald’s does (Defee, Stank Esper, 2010). Business process re-engineering will enable Panera Bread to eliminate the non-value adding activities in the business process with a view of achieving the target cost. The company has a considerable strength in franchising segment of its business, which has made it expand its market share. To be able to achieve fully its objective, Panera Bread should try joint venture strategy or mergers with fast-casual restaurants to stand out from the rest in the industry. The combination of company-owned bakery-cafà ©s, franchised bakery-cafà ©s, holistic bakery-cafà © supply chain facilities, and joint ventures incorporated with excellent management will guarantee the achievement of the CEO’s vision of Panera Bread acquiring market leadership positi on. Recommendations Besides cost leadership strategy, holistic backward integration, and forming joint ventures/mergers with fast-casual restaurants, the management at Panera Bread Company should revise it marketing strategy. The niche marketing that it pursues is proper but it should expand the segment beyond urban workers, suburban dwellers, catering facilities. For instance, it can open its outlets around airports and subway stations to cater for the culinary needs of travelers, which is a relatively big market. It should maintain the delivery of quality fresh sourdough as well as the signature cafà © design and ambience and make its business consistent with PEGS. Revising the menu is also recommended owing to the changing lifestyles that Americans lead, which no doubt affects their eating habits. The company must therefore endeavor to satisfy the diverse but changing needs of its customers. The introduction of whole grain food products by the company is a commendable step towar d satisfying customer needs. Implementation All the alternative courses of action and recommendations form part of business and operational strategy to be handled by middle-level managers and departmental heads because they are geared toward gaining competitive advantage. Consequently, resources should be allocated to the strategic business units as per Igor Ansoff’s growth matrix (Barrow Molian, 2005, p. 176). Given the company’s financial statistics since 2000, it has the capacity to fund the implementation of these strategies. References Analoui, F. Karami, A. (2003). Strategic management in small and medium enterprises. New York, NY: Cengage Learning EMEA. Barrow, C. Molian, D. (2005). Enterprise Development: The Challenges of Starting, Growing and Selling Businesses. New York, NY: Cengage Learning EMEA. Defee, C.C., Stank, T.P. and Esper, T. (2010). â€Å"Performance implications of transformational supply chain leadership and followership† International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. 40(10): pp. 763-791. Thompson, A. (2007). Case 8: Panera Bread Company. The University of Alabama.

Traditional Antibiotics That Can Be Found Essays

Traditional Antibiotics That Can Be Found Essays Traditional Antibiotics That Can Be Found Essay Traditional Antibiotics That Can Be Found Essay Traditional antibiotics that can be found in the local drugstore are used to fight against the common cold or common infection and indiscriminately kills everything at once. There are many reasons why instantly going for antibiotics when something goes wrong with our bodies is something that shouldnt be done regularly. Antibiotics have brought an age of resistant bacteria which means that they are unaffected by he antibiotics because they have adapted to not be affected by them. This in turns makes it more difficult to fight against them. This means that increased dosages or antibiotics that are stronger must be used which can have more severe side effects. And so, in response to the current day problem with antibiotics, researchers from the university of Rockefeller have been working on a smarter way to fight bacteria using programmable antibiotics which specifically targets the antibiotic resistance genes and cuts it out of the DNA sequence. By using the bacterial enzyme known as Case, the researchers were successful in getting it to target a particular DNA sequence and remove it from the bacteria. This new approach could reduce the risk of C. Dif (which is an infection of the colon) and they were able to get Case to target the specific sequence by

EXCEL 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EXCEL 5 - Assignment Example ceipts is also done to identify whether the trend is clearer, whether there are any anomalies left or any more cyclical patterns lasting more than one year. Finally, a review of the double smoothed results to determine whether the values from the projected position are reasonable. We can also determine the impact of the recent values on the projection and whether it skews the projection. From observing the raw receipt data, it is evident that there is both positive, negative and stationary trends at different months of the line graph. The initial months show a positive trend for the first points before a negative trend begins. This trend doesn’t last long before another stationary then positive trends are observed. Essentially, there is no definite trend with the raw receipts as it emerges as a zigzag trend of positive, negative and stationary trends. Generally, a positive trend is observed. There are few anomalies observed through the projection period. The first anomaly is a spike in the 10th month of the projection period. Another spike though not too significant is evident at the 22nd month. A significant anomaly is evident at the 46th month where the highest spike in the entire projection period is observed. Other minor spikes are shown at the 36th and 40th month of the projection period respectively. There is no significant dips (decreases) in the proje ction period although minor decreases in the 9th, 21st, 30th, 33rd and 45th can be observed from the graph. Particular patterns can be observed in the dips (decrease) and spikes (increase) in the projection period. The spikes (increase) seem to occur after twelve months exhibiting an annual pattern over the projection period. The dips (decrease) however, do not exhibit a particular pattern as some occur after 2 months. It is also important to note that after every dip (decreases) there is a spike (increases) in the following month but not of equal proportions. The comparison between the de-seasonalized and

The Understanding of the Artistic Works from Cultural Viewpoint Term Paper

The Understanding of the Artistic Works from Cultural Viewpoint - Term Paper Example The ideal of social anthropology will further delve into the reason why artwork was created in a specific way and the relationship it has to society.   For instance, if a type of material was used over another, there may be an inference to what this means socially and the ability to make the material with ease of use for the artistic expressions.   These various elements make a difference in the art and the perception from anthropology.   The interpretations don’t consider the aesthetics but instead looks at the social relationship which these hold (Gell, 40).   The definition of art from the anthropological point of view is not only examined with the social and cultural aspects by most.   There is also an understanding that the artistic work is able to raise questions and reflect on a specific culture and what the meaning is behind the works that are displayed.   The basic discipline is one which is first examined by the ideology of a human activity which is constructed by various societies.   This is followed by the social sciences which are able to define the experience, which is specific to the study of anthropology.   While art is one which is constructed of experience, this is based on interpretations, relationships to the pieces, knowledge of the piece and the defining elements.   This is also dependent on the spectator and what acting agents are parts of the piece.   The approach of anthropology is one which is only dependent on defining the material culture of the art.   This doesn’t provide room for interpreta tion of the aesthetics, specifically because this is defined by experience, cultural awareness and various levels of knowledge.   Anthropology then becomes limited only to the cultural ideologies, as opposed to the aesthetics of other levels which may reflect the philosophies of art (Pinney, Thomas, 118).  Ã‚   The interpretation of anthropology through art as a limitation is one which also questions the use of aesthetics and how this is left out of the viewpoint of anthropologists.   A question which arises when looking at aesthetics is based on the cultural value which is applied and whether this provides a thorough examination of an artwork.  

Variables, Measurement, and Statistics Assignment

Variables, Measurement, and Statistics - Assignment Example The use of the above variables will help the nurse put the research into perspective for two groups, adults and other clients admitted to cardiac unit (Lash, Plonczynski, & Sehdev, 2012). In this particular research, it would be essential to measure these variables and record the values. The most suitable level of measurement would be ordinal, as this will help answer the PICOT question. Being that the research measures the likelihood of patients with congestive failure having nosocomial infections, ordinal measurement best fits the research. This is because the nurse is interested in the occurrence (or non-occurrence) of this attribute. This implies that using ordinal measurement will help the nurse collect and record the data in the most appropriate format (Adler & Parmryd, 2010). In ordinal measurement, the values the nurse will use in recording the findings will be of no numerical importance other than describing the occurrence (or non-occurrence) of a trait. A suitable statistical test to help answer the question is Pearson correlation coefficient. This correlation coefficient help determine the relation between two variables in question (Bishara, & Hittner, 2012). After the nurse collects data on the occurrence of nosocomial infections in both adults and other clients with congestive heart failure, it would be ideal for the nurse to correlate this variable for both groups. The correlation coefficient will then be useful in determining the likelihood of either group developing the infection. Adler, J., & Parmryd, I. (2010). Quantifying colocalization by correlation: the Pearson correlation coefficient is superior to the Manders overlap coefficient. Cytometry. Part A: The Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, 77(8), 733-742. Bishara, A., & Hittner, J. (2012). Testing the significance of a correlation with nonnormal data: comparison of Pearson, Spearman, transformation, and resampling approaches. Psychological Methods, 17(3),

Reflection & Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflection & Application - Essay Example Therefore, much to my surprise, when I was talking to another friend, it slipped that the topic which was supposed to be a secret, was known to her. This only proves that my close friend committed a breach in promising secrecy to what I shared to her. From then on, although she remained a friend, the level of closeness (especially in terms of sharing controversial topics) already changed. Similar incidents of breaches of trust were presented in the text and the same outcome was noted. What touched me most was the disclosure that people actually have different reactions and perceptions in the way trust is given. The discourse presented information which relayed that people who have had some family problems (impending divorce of parents or the way parents raise their children) affect the way children perceive other people as trustworthy. For me, it was actually very easy to give trust – until some unfortunate event, caused me to learn from the experience. Thus, the learning experience enabled me to realize that we should actually be careful in divulging private and confidential information to people, even to close friends, until such time that we have confirmed that these friends are classified as friends of the heart (or intimate friends) who last regardless of time, distance, and challenging situations. Concurrently, another important aspect learned from the chapter was in the area of accepting friends, despite their flaws. I strongly believe that friends last because each and every one learned to accept the person for who that person truly is and does not try to change the person to fit selfish interests or desires. I also affirm that, as friends, one could say to each other comments, which could sometimes be hurting; yet, which is needed to be communicated to assist the friend in changing for the better (for her or his own good). For instance, when a friend asks

How are women represented in afghanistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How are women represented in afghanistan - Essay Example There have been diverse concerted efforts to improve the freedom, quality of life, and privileges of afghan women, but the situation is still disgraceful. The representation of Afghanistan women is still confounded. While Australia has recently appointed only one woman in the ministry, Afghanistan has three women representatives in the cabinet. In the last century, Afghanistan has struggled with issues related to the leadership status of women in the country. The Taliban rule has recently created a major situation for women. The situation is a symbolism of war of Western military powers for women’s justice and freedom. Most recently, the Mujahideen rule is worse than the Taliban. Once people analyse the Women’s situation in Afghanistan from the perspective of the country’s History rather than the above rules, women would be integral in the Nation building. (Ahmed-Ghosh 1). Women’s rights, leadership, education and participation in growth and development of the country are strategies useful in advancing their status as discussed in this document. Throughout history, government authorities have instituted several policies to support and curtail the rights of women. Most of the policies have been suppressive, since traditional institutions have thwarted individual efforts to support women rights. For instance, previous leaders, for instance, Amanullah Khan in the 1920s (Lough 4), who have tried to create equal opportunities have failed in consequent elections. In terms of political participation in previous years, there has not been any measurable progress (Lough 4). The only women who accessed the political sphere were the elite or those in urban areas. The rural women had no rights since they were not empowered. A big incident between women and the government was women leaders presenting The Afghan Womens Bill of Rights to

Reflection & Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflection & Application - Essay Example Therefore, much to my surprise, when I was talking to another friend, it slipped that the topic which was supposed to be a secret, was known to her. This only proves that my close friend committed a breach in promising secrecy to what I shared to her. From then on, although she remained a friend, the level of closeness (especially in terms of sharing controversial topics) already changed. Similar incidents of breaches of trust were presented in the text and the same outcome was noted. What touched me most was the disclosure that people actually have different reactions and perceptions in the way trust is given. The discourse presented information which relayed that people who have had some family problems (impending divorce of parents or the way parents raise their children) affect the way children perceive other people as trustworthy. For me, it was actually very easy to give trust – until some unfortunate event, caused me to learn from the experience. Thus, the learning experience enabled me to realize that we should actually be careful in divulging private and confidential information to people, even to close friends, until such time that we have confirmed that these friends are classified as friends of the heart (or intimate friends) who last regardless of time, distance, and challenging situations. Concurrently, another important aspect learned from the chapter was in the area of accepting friends, despite their flaws. I strongly believe that friends last because each and every one learned to accept the person for who that person truly is and does not try to change the person to fit selfish interests or desires. I also affirm that, as friends, one could say to each other comments, which could sometimes be hurting; yet, which is needed to be communicated to assist the friend in changing for the better (for her or his own good). For instance, when a friend asks

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners - Research Paper Example Correctional officers have no powers related to enforcement of law but they are law representatives inside the prison facility. Smith states, â€Å"In the prison, correctional officers monitor prisoner behavior, maintain order, delegate jobs or responsibilities for prisoners, and supervise transportation for prisoners who are moved to other locations†. They not only take care of the individual who have been sent to the jails by the courts but also they look after those individuals who have been waiting for the trials in the prisons. Therefore, we can say that the role of correctional officers inside the prison facility is of critical importance. Along with the importance of correctional officers in prisons and jails, there also exists a negative viewpoint regarding the treatment provided by the correctional officers to the inmates. The benefits that the inmates receive from the state such as health care, prenatal care, mental health care, free housing, free food, and free educ ation are viewed somewhat unethical in the today’s world. Some of these benefits even do not apply to the people living in the non-correctional settings. There are some reasons why these benefits are considered unethical or unjustified. Let us first discuss how inmates have been lead to suicide or more crime because of the treatment that they receive from the correctional officers and then we will discuss some of those reasons, which make the state benefits provided to the inmates unethical and unjustified. Reasons for Increased Suicides and Crimes among Inmates There are many reasons, which act as the root cause for the increased level of suicides and crimes among the criminals. Let us discuss some of those reasons in some detail: Behavior of Correctional Officers One of the major reasons behind increased rate of crimes and suicides among the inmates has been the behavior of some of the correctional officers. Some officers do not treat the prisoners politely, which injects t he sense of revenge in the minds of the criminals. Inmates expect good behavior from the correctional officers but when they do not get what they expect from the officers, they become more aggressive and violent. The harsh and unkind treatment of some of the correctional officers also plays an important role in creating negative feelings in the minds of the inmates. It is the nature of any criminal to show the feelings of aggression if he or she is mistreated either by other prisoners or by correctional officers. Therefore, it is very important for the correctional officers to control the behaviors and actions of the criminals in an appropriate way in order to control crime rate in the country. Role of State Benefits in Increased Crimes The benefits, which are provided by the state to the inmates, also play a considerable role in increasing the number of crimes and suicides among the inmates. Those benefits are provided to the inmates only in the correctional settings. The benefits such as free housing and free education are not provided to the criminals in the non-correctional facilities, so when the inmates come out of the prisons, their free education facility ends up which creates frustration among the inmates. Some of the inmates want to continue with the free education and free housing facilities even after the punishments ends and when they do not find a proper opportunity to get those benefits in the non-corre

The Right to Education Essay Example for Free

The Right to Education Essay One aspect that educators should me most aware of is that education should not be commercialized. If one wants to make money, he should not invest in education. Education is a   right and not a privilege. Being a basic right, education should be accessible to all regardless of race, gender, nationality, ethnic or social origin, religion or political preference, age or disability. In short, everyone is entitled to free elementary education. The right to education is stated under the United Nations (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Rights coined in 1948. (HREA)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Article 26 states that Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. †¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most basic issue regarding education is its accessibility. In many countries, the price of education continues to rise making it harder to access. State colleges and universities raise their tuition fees on a yearly basis and only few people actually get to to graduate college. Many students stop schooling because of the rising price of education and they can hardly do anything to stop the increase in the rate of tuition fees. In some countries, education even became commercialized to a point that one can even franchise an educational institution. Advertisements of these schools flood various channels of the media. With the focus of earning money, these educational institution ignore the quality of education that they are providing to rake in more profits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The point is, education should be free at the elementary level but higher level of education should also be accessible even to people below the poverty line because everyone has a right to education and no one should be paying for it.   References Human Rights Education Associates. Right to Education. Retrieved March 16, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.hrea.org/index.php?base_id=144

Examining Problems Of Urbanization

Examining Problems Of Urbanization In this essay, problems of urbanization is examined what extend can be met by policy of sustainable development. This essay includes the definition of urbanization and its problems. These problems are pollution problems, traffic congestion, housing and effects of urbanization on society. This essay represents possible solutions for these problems by policy of sustainable development. Also, it contains the explanation of sustainable development. The meaning of urbanization can be basically described as the expansion of cities by encompassing the rural areas in it. Urbanization is not just physically growth. Also, it contains population and social and economic structure. The urban growth generally has been caused by immigrations. Most of these immigrations are done from rural areas to urban areas. Sometimes it can be seen from countries to countries. The reasons of migration can be arranged as economic, technologic and sociological. The urbanization has positive sides as well as negative. The major advantage of urbanization is economic development. The cities supply more facilities to its citizens with huge amount of technological equipments. On the other hand, negative sides follow the technological and economical development. All forms of pollution increase together with growth of population. Traffic congestion also starts to seen in the developed countries. Housing problems accrue due to population access from rural areas to urban areas. The whole of society is affected by urbanization. All of these negative sides can be arranged as the problems of urbanization. The problems of urbanization need to be addressed. In this developing world, nobody can stop the growth of population. However, if urban areas could be developed with a good method like sustainability, the problems of urbanization would be solved. Sustainability means the ability of sustain something. In other words, think of the future and make a plan. The aim of it is prevent some problems which will be faced in the future. If the cities are developed regarding to policy of sustainable development, the problems of urbanization can be met. In the last centuries, the urbanization had been got an uncontrolled phase. The huge amounts of people migrate to cities from rural areas. There are several causes of it. The major causes of urbanization can be arranged as economic, technologic, politic and psycho-sociological. People, who have been living in the rural areas, tend to migrate to cities because of economic factors. Specially, in the developed countries, there is vast amount of difference between peasant`s income and civicsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ income. So, the people who have been living in the rural areas immigrate to cities to increase their incomes. Besides, people immigrate to live more comfortable and for education. Firstly, population problem arises in urbanization. The balance of the population between rural areas and cities starts to grow up. While the cities are expanding, the farmland starts to destroy. In the rural areas, life is more difficult than the life, in the cities. Transportation, communication, technological needs are always difficult to benefit in the rural areas. Therefore, people spread towards cities. All types of pollution can be seen easily in the urbanization. Air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, light pollution and solid product waste are the main pollutions which are increased parallel to urbanization. Because of the population growth, the air quality decreases in the urban areas. The trucks, cars, factories always exhaust a huge amount of carbon dioxide in a day to the air. The number of truck, car, and factory are raised parallel to people population. As population growth in cities, the demand of clean water increase. Sometimes the local authority cannot supply enough clean water to citizen due to high population. So, the water pollution occurs in the urban areas. The other pollution is noise pollution. In our daily life everybody use their cars, especially in the cities, car noise is the simplest example for noise pollution. The noise could be created by cars, people, factories, construction sites. Because of noisy environment, people have been less fertile and uncreative in their professional life. Again, all of them are connected with population growth. Light pollution causes to loss of electricity energy as well as environmental pollution. This also creates a problem for the future. By using more energy to use lights, the sources for electricity go down. This is the main problem of urbanization, unsustainable development. In the developing countries, solid product waste is another problem in the recent years. High population always need more supply. Sanitation should be always kept on high for public health. Whole pollutions act a very important role in human life. Pollution creates different type of disasters. According to P.S. Brandon, P.L. Lombardi V. Bentivegna (1997, p. 134) China is one of the cities which is faced with environmental degradation, in the world. Environmental degradation covers both its air and water. To improve this environmental degradation governments develop some strict laws. Water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution and the other environmental degradations can be met by policy of environmental protection law. The other problem which occurs in the cities because of urbanization is traffic congestion. Using a private car has become very common in the world. Everybody prefers to use their cars to simply their life. It seems especially in the urbanization countries. This attitude creates traffic congestion. Besides, with this problem, it causes more energy usage, time loss and makes people nervous. To decrease the traffic congestion, the governments find some possible solutions. Public transportation is the most common solution to prevent traffic congestion. The developing cities should produce more sustainable products, vehicles, buildings to save more energy for future generations. According to S. M. Wheeler and T. Beatley (2004, p.98) to prevent the traffic congestion, traffic calming is the process of slowing down traffic to create safer, conductive to pedestrians, cyclists and residential life. With this alternative solution, the air and noise pollution will be decreased. Also, the fuel consumption will be reduced. The cities will be more sustain by traffic calming method. Energy will be saved by this way. Roads will be used safely. Briefly, this method will be solved one of this urbanization problem, traffic congestion. As list of my essay, third problem of the urbanization is housing. Because of large amount of migrants, housing problem has been increasing day to day in cities. The migrants who migrate from rural areas to cities create a problem. These migrants try to find suitable accommodation for them. Unfortunately, due to the low income of migrants, it is impossible to find an accommodation by reasonable price. There are large amount of flats, houses and buildings to live in cities. However, the accommodation price is large as well as amount of accommodation. People start to live unsuitable buildings in cities after migration. The migrants hold old and inconvenient accommodation to survive their life. This creates another problem, which is called visual pollution. Besides, several diseases can easily spread into cities. According to Mark, Gordon, Peter Ron (2007, p. 362) groups of buildings or building stocks is the useful method to over to the management of social housing stock. The governme nts have some policy to over to the management of social housing stock. If policy of housing always applies, the housing problem can be solved by this policy. Fourthly, suffering of societies can be counted as a problem of urbanization. Urbanization effect on societies is the other problem. Fundamentally, this problem is the result of other problems, pollution, traffic congestion and housing. Because of these problems, peoples` welfare goes down. The societies feel bed. This problem can be solved after other problem`s solutions. As a result of, urbanization is created by people and can be solved again by people. The main reason of urbanization is unbalanced income between peasant and civic. In the other worlds, urbanization is expansion of cities and contraction of farmland. According to Philip M. Hauser Leo F. Schnore (1967, p. 1) the reasons to emergence of cities are the size of total population, the control of natural environment, technological development and developments in social organization. The major triggering factor of developing cities is technology. Technology should be used correctly. Even if cannot be used correctly or without caring future, it cause some problems such as urbanization. Urbanization has lots of negative sides. In case, urbanization control by policy of sustainable development. The brief meaning of sustainable development is deliberate developing. The problems which occur due to urbanization can be solved with caring future. And developing some rules or policies by governments will prevent problems of urbanization. For example, to prevent the environmental pollution that contains air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, visual pollution and solid wastes can be decreased by making lawful to sustainable development. On the other hand, increasing the number of public transportation with reasonable price can raise the demand of using public transportation. Besides, the fuel consumption, noise and air pollution can be solved by this way. Also, traffic congestion can be solved by developing the infrastructure of transportation facilities. For the other problem, housing problem, governments can apply strict rules to prevent housing problems which is occur because of immigrations from rural areas to cities. If all these problems are solved, automatically, the last problem, effect of urbanization on societies can be disappeared.

Pearl: A Product Of Nature :: essays research papers

Pearl is one of the most interesting and mysterious characters of the novel The Scarlet Letter. One tends to wonder why Pearl is the way she is. Why does she act so strangely and so differently than all the other characters? She acts this way because of a relationship she has with the force of Nature, which Hawthorne personifies as sympathetic towards sins against the puritan way of life. Because of this trait Hester's sin causes Nature to accept Pearl. Finally, Pearl's acceptance of Nature is what causes her to act the way she does.First it is necessary to examine how nature is identified with sin against the Puritan way of life. The first example of this is found in the first chapter regarding the rosebush at the prison door. This rosebush is located "on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold"(36) of the prison. The prison naturally is the place where people that have sinned against the puritan way of life remain. Then Hawthorne suggests that the roses of the rose-bush "might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom, in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him"(36). This clearly states that Nature is kind to prisoners and criminals that pass through the prison doors. Hawthorne strengthens this point by suggesting two possible reasons for the rosebush's genesis. The first is that "it had merely survived out of the stern old wilderness..."(36), while the second reason is that "there is fair authority for believing [the rose-bush] had sprung up under the footsteps of the sainted Ann Hutchinson..."(36). By Hawthorne's wording it appears as if he is emphasizing the second reason because he suggests there is "fair authority." Connecting the rosebush originating from Ann Hutchinson, an outcast from puritan society, shows the connection with Nature and sin against puritan way of life. This rosebush symbolizes the sympathy of Nature towards the very people Puritan society has condemned.The idea illustrated by the rosebush can therefore be applied to the specific character of Pearl. Because Pearl was expelled from Puritan society Nature sympathizes with her. Nature's sympathy and partiality with Pearl can be seen with the sunshine in the forest. Pearl attempts to "catch" the sunshine and according to Hawthorn "Pearl .

George Lucas: One of the greatest filmmakers Essay -- essays research

George Lucas: One of the greatest film makers â€Å"With the exception of maybe a handful of people, no one has made an impact on the movie making world like George Lucas has. With hundred of hours of film with his mark out there, Lucas has amazed his audiences time and time again with expert story telling† (The Gods of Filmmaking). George Lucas has written, directed, and produced countless films, many of which are some of today’s most highly regarded films by critics all over the world. â€Å"George Lucas’s devotion to timeless storytelling and cutting-edge innovation has resulted in some of the most successful and beloved films of all time† (Inside Lucas Film). George Lucas is one of the greatest writers of his time, one of the best directors of his time, and has paved the way in visual and audio effects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George Lucas is widely believed to be one of the greatest writers of his time. He has written many movies that have won academy awards such as THX 1138, The Star Wars Trilogy, American Graffiti, and Indiana Jones. George Lucas has not only written Movie he has also written a couple of TV series such as The Young Indiana Jones and a cartoon version of Star Wars. George Lucas has also written many Sci Fi short films and many Sci Fi books.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George Lucas wrote the move Star Wars in the late 1970’s. â€Å"The film became and international success because of its creative special effects, appealing characters, and suspenseful story of good versus evil† (World Book 513). The original Star Wars garnered 8 Academy Awards for George Lucas. He did not stop at just making one Star Wars movie, George Lucas went on to make 2 sequels, both written by George Lucas, by 1983. The first sequel he wrote was â€Å"The Empire Strikes Back† in 1980, which was nominated for a PEO award in 1981 and took the Academy award in 1980 for sound. In 1983 Lucas gave it another go by releasing â€Å"The Return of the Jedi† which did not win any awards but was nominated for best film in the 1984 PEO awards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1973 Lucas co-wrote American Graffiti with Gloria Katz. â€Å"The film was Lucas’s homage to the memories of his own teenage years in Modesto, California, and remembered with vintage cars and dragsters; drive ins, an almost non-stop rock soundtrack, teenage activities, and characteristic hair and clothing style†(Greatest Fil... ...ts Entertainment Co. does not only make game it also creates novels, toys, clothes, board games, and etc. based on Star Wars and other Lucas Film products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you can see George Lucas is one of the greatest writers of his time, one of the best directors of his time, and has paved the way in visual and audio effects. He has created some of the greatest films of all time and is an innovator in creating new and exciting ideas. George Lucas has taken his success and expanded it to provide entertainment to people all over the world. He hasn’t just settled for enough he’s pushed the limits of his imagination and created things people never thought possible. Works Cited â€Å"American Graffiti†. Greatest Films. March 19, 2005 . â€Å"George Lucas†. The Gods of Film Makking. March 19, 2005 . â€Å"George Lucas†. World Book. 2004 Ed. â€Å"Geroge Lucas† Geroge Lucas Biogrpahy. March 8, 2005 . â€Å"Geroge Lucas†. George Lucas Bio. March 8, 2005 . â€Å"Geroge Lucas†. Inside Lucas Film. March 19, 2005 . Kline, Sally. Geroge Lucas Interviews. New York: International Press, 2000 â€Å"Raiders of the Lost Ark†. Movie Gazette. March 19, 2005 . â€Å"Star Wars†. Movie Gazette. March 19, 2005 .

Compassion International Speech Outline

Bridgette Woodcock Prof. Roche THE 113 Speech 21 February 2013 Compassion International: Child Sponsorship Introduction (Play video) 1 (Provide two statistics) Did you ever think you could change the life story of the weak and vulnerable? Well, you can! Today, I want to share with you the importance of what you can do to change a child’s story. 2 Today, many children are living in poverty and exploitation. Many of those places are within the 26 poorest countries that Compassion International serves. Compassion is well known and used by celebrities and other national foundations. 4 Compassion uses a holistic method of child development 5 An average person can minimize and eliminate the exploitation and poverty through the organization Compassion International. Child sponsorship lifts children out of poverty/exploitation. 1 Fox News. com reported, â€Å"In Brazil’s poorest regions, mothers, many of whom are stuck in the sex trade, often push their own daughter’s i nto the business at age 12 or younger to increase the family’s meager income† (para. ). 2 Compassion Serves in 26 Developing Countries, â€Å"19 were placed in the â€Å"Tier 2 category† (â€Å"governments who don’t fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA)† (para. 3-4). 3 â€Å"Compassion International takes a long-term strategy by tackling the underlying issues that make child enslavement possible. Prevention through education, care and nurture is how we (Compassion) work to protect all of the 1. 2 million children we (Compassion) serve around the world† (para. ). Is child sponsorship with Compassion real/legitimate? 1 Yes! Compassion is independently audited by several agencies including Charity Navigator 4 star ranking for 11 consecutive years, Chronicle of Philanthropy’s â€Å"Top Rated Charity-#23 on Top 400 list†, Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance, Forbes ranks it as #15 on its Largest Cha rities List, and Non-Profit Times ranks Compassion as #30 on its Top 100 List. 2 Been in Business since 1952. Sponsors may visit their children, write letters, send cards and give extra above the sponsorship, which 100% of donation goes directly to that child and his/her family. Over 87% of $38. 00 sponsorship donation goes to the child & child’s center to provide school fees, books, educational materials, clothing, food, health care, counseling, and activities. Holistic method of child development 1 Child Survival Program (Birth to age 2 and mothers) Begins when a mother is still pregnant, provides nutrition, medical assistance, parental education, and social support for both mothers and caregivers to help them succeed the first few years of the child’s life. 2 Child Sponsorship Program (Age 2-10-new registrations- existing children to age 18) 1 Sponsorship is a unique way for one person to have a life-changing effort on poverty around the world by sponsoring a child in poverty. 3 Complementary Interventions (All ages- operations, flooding, mosquito nets, water) Divided into two areas: Supplemental development activites (medical, nutritional, and educational assistance, AIDS prevention, Malaria prevention) and Program Enhancement Activities (disaster response, water projects, income-generating activities, and infrastructure development). 4 Leadership Development Program (college students) 1 Gives students the opportunity to develop their gifts and become skilled professionals and leaders of influence in their churches, communities, and nations. Conclusion- Partnering with Compassion is Affordable and Makes a Difference! $38. 00 per month per child 2 Extra Donations Optional (Birthdays, Christmas, Family Gift) (no more than $1,000 per year, $2,000 in graduation year). 3 Forms a personal relationship with child 4 Limits child exposure to human slavery and poverty. Works Cited Compassion International. (2012). compassion. com. http://www. compassio n. com/child-development-model. htm Hanlon, Mark. (2011). The new slavery—human trafficking. FoxNews. com. Retrieved February 20, 2013. www. foxnews. com/opinion/2011/09/15/new-slavery-human-trafficking.

Hero Definition Essay

How do you know when you’ve seen a hero before your eyes? Most likely in real life they won’t be wearing a cape or suit that identifies themselves as this well known hero. Realistically you’ve never or even possibly ever will see that kind of hero. Why is it that that kind of hero always seems to be the first thing that pops into one’s mind when the word â€Å"hero† is said; that stereotypical hero that always features in movies? We often forget that we’re actually surrounded every single day by heroes.Teachers, firefighters, you name it, are all considered heroes in one or more peoples’ eyes based on the things they’ve done. A hero not only goes beyond their needs and boundaries to help and encourage others, but also have a strong mind set. Heroes can be looked in the eye and show that they will not back down or give in to the defeat of something they’ve put their mind to. One important quality of heroism is stepping out from their comfort zone to help others in need, as they put aside their own demands.Often times a hero has a choice whether to go and help others or focus on themselves and pay attention to their only needs, but the fact that they put down their focus on themselves to help another shows how a true hero can be distinguished from amongst the crowd. For instance, an example of this quality can be found in the story Love Triumphs: 6 Year Old Becomes a Hero to Band of Toddlers, Rescuers by Ellen Barry.In this story, a little 6 year old boy named Deamonte Love takes on the responsibility of taking care of several other children, including his baby brother and cousins when they all were separated from their parents due to Hurricane Katrina. Deamonte â€Å"promised he’d take care of his brother† after seeing â€Å"his mother cry when he was loaded onto the helicopter† along with the other children to be taken to safety(SB 20). Even if Deamonte was scared, he took the l ead role in directing and watching over the children, putting his focus only on the children, encouraging and making them feel safe till they were all reunited again with their parents.This quality of heroism can not only be seen in boys, but also in girls, movies, and real life. Another example that shows this quality is from the movie Mulan. In this particular movie, a young woman, named Mulan poses as a young man and son of his (Mulan’s) father in order to save him from fighting in the war forcefully. Mulan then goes out pretending she is one of the many soldiers in the army and saves her father from serving. What Mulan did not only showed courage but also some determination as well.She had courage to pose as a man in order to save her father from fighting in the war, where also she placed herself in dangerous positions being in the army with no training at all. Doing that Mulan showed how she went beyond her own abilities to help her father. Mulan also showed some determi nation in how when she was in the army she wanted to prove to many of the other soldiers that she can be considered a real warrior. She also showed determination in which she impersonated a fake son of her father and continued out with her plan just so she knew that her own father with his old age and disabilities would be safe at home.As you can see, Mulan definitely went outside of her limits and surpassed her zone of security and comfort to help and meet the needs of her father. Heroism often calls for the hero to have a strong mind set. Having this quality in a hero means that they are able to change their outlook or attitude on something for the better so they can accomplish their goal. For example, this quality of heroism can be clearly shown in the poem A Man by Nina Cassian. In this poem, a soldier who loses his arm while fighting for his country must overcome his new challenge, continuing life with one arm.Undoubtedly, in the beginning of the poem the soldier recognizes in a very negative way how his life will forever be changed and impacted. Despite his sadness and physical limitations he rises above and looks at being positive, setting â€Å"himself to do everything with twice as much enthusiasm (line 15). † This soldier’s optimism is what helped him conquer the battles both physically and emotionally having to deal with just one arm. He decides to push through this challenge and enjoy life as it comes.His strong mind set was the determination and optimism of bouncing back from what he only thought of negative things and how he was able to change his outlook on his situation. Another example of this quality are the firefighters and policemen doing their job every single day. They portray this trait of a hero by how they have the certainty and bravery to go into any situation knowing that they are there to protect people from harm. One last quality of heroism is how a hero doesn’t give in to the defeat of something. An example of this characteristic of a hero is from October Sky.In this movie, a young teenage boy named Homer Hickman Jr. is expected to work in the coal mines after graduating from high school, just like all the other boys, but dares to refuse that job and instead pursues a passion for science. His passion all started when he wanted to build a rocket. Although nobody believed that he would actually build one, Homer goes on with no support in building a small rocket with the help of a smart classmate. Despite the first failure of his small rocket, Homer continued to chase after his dream of building a rocket until he finally does.His persistent determination and motivation to keep going after having no support in the beginning and having many fail attempts gets him to win a national science fair with a college scholarship. In the very beginning of the movie though, Homer had perseverance when he wanted to make the football team, even though the chances of him making it were clear that he wouldn ’t. Despite this though Homer tried and tried over again getting back up after each tackle he received on the football field knowing that football could have gotten him into college. Heroism can be identified and seen in multiple ways.A definition of heroism varies from person to person and can mean more personal to one that has actually identified a hero in their life. A hero not only goes beyond their needs and boundaries to help and encourage others, but also have a strong mind set. Heroes can be looked in the eye and show that they will not back down or give in to the defeat of something they’ve put their mind to. Even though a definition can start or end differently they all have one message that can interpret differently to several people. It comes down to the fact of how you look at the idea of a hero and maybe apply that to your own life.

Sopyonje analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sopyonje analysis - Essay Example Cultural symbolism of Pansori Bowyer (151) argues that the use of the p'ansori yields metaphoric outcomes. It has for two decades bolstered the level of admiration of the genre among the society’s youth, and created a desirable avenue through which traditional cultural beliefs and practices can be passed on to various population segments whose behavior is under threat from foreign cultures. P'ansori can be traced to the Jeolla region of southwestern Korea, where the director grew up. The use of "Sopyonje" as the title of the film refers to the western genre of p'ansori, which is believed to be secondary to the original Korean one. The film’s setting is misleadingly plain (Bowyer (151). Adopted from a short story text by Lee Chung-joon, Yu-bong is a key architect of p'ansori who moves away with his two children, daughter Song-hwa and son Dong-ho who are pansori, and drummer apprentices. The three characters travel across the rural areas in an attempt to perform and nurtu re their skills while showing a determination to preserve the key values of pansori. At this point, the film deviates from a typical American culture of open approach to and assimilation of foreign cultures to one of self-preservation. The characters look for an excellent environment where they can relocate their closest kin, their history, and their original pansori or masculinity. These are typical cases of a community that is keen on engaging in the quest for cultural preservation at any cost. Bowyer points out that the film features a relentless Korean population that seeks to widen the opportunities for not only playing p'ansori, but retaining its original form and value (151). In light of the inevitable cultural influences that would follow, p'ansori essentially embodies a socially appealing struggle to preserve the vital "Koreanness" in an environment where modernity threatened to erode the basic values that define the culture. Yu-bong and his pansori team’s journey in a quest to retain the Korean culture outside of their native homes or Korean cities were basically driven by feelings of Han. Han is a Korean cultural feeling that one harbors when he or she cannot or is prohibited from showing feelings of discrimination, alienation, or abuse because one is a victim of power imbalance. Yu-bong’s team manage to slip away from their native homes, and carefully choses the traditional cultural environment in the countryside to correct the cultural imbalance caused by the influx of Japanese and American norms. Quest for women’s voice Apart from struggling to reclaim the Korean culture which is at threat of Western civilization, Bowyer (151) points out that Im clearly defines the role of women in the modern Korean society and clearly adds to the quest for the dignity of the gender following many centuries of female abuse in the hands of South Korean men. Through the symbolic use of Song-hwa character, â€Å"Seopyeonje† has for the pa st two decades attracted tens of millions of viewers in the country and beyond (Bowyer 151). The current impressive achievement of women in the country’s leadership can partly be attributed to the soft, effective language that Im uses in the film to appeal to all segments of the society to support women causes. Conclusion Generally,

Sexuality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sexuality - Research Paper Example Particularly, advertisement through billboards was considered by the research respondents to be most offensive of all mediums of advertisement. A number of French Reports have also emphasized upon the promotion of sex through advertisements, saying that the advertisements have used overtones of violence to degrade women and project bestiality and inferior role of women in sex. Such an attitude towards women creates a very distressed situation which should be immediately addressed so that dignity of those women on different levels could be restored. â€Å"Sexist advertising affects the shaping of people's identities and is counter-productive to society's goal of achieving gender equality† (â€Å"Sweden mulls ban†). This paper analyzes such an ad by Calvin Klein and discusses how the female model in the ad has been used as a source of sexual appeal for the audiences. In the end, there is a brief discussion of the guidelines that if followed, may help eradicate this practi ce. Women are being overly sexualized in different advertisements and fashion magazines, which is not only building negative perceptions about the character of women in the society but is also playing a role in derogating the society on moral grounds. Research done by sociologists lately suggests that sexploitation of women seen on the cover of one of the mainstream fashion magazines Rolling Stone suggests that women are far more potently targeted sexually than men over the last few years and such a negative attitude definitely does not deliver a positive message to the society at large. Sexploitation through advertisements in such an open manner not only holds very negative ramifications for understanding the concept of female dignity but also leads to exploitation of women. ... Sexploitation through advertisements in such an open manner not only holds very negative ramifications for understanding the concept of female dignity but also leads to exploitation of women. Media has definitely exploited women on many levels by portraying them as sexual objects so that product sales could be increased. As a result of such advertisements in which provocative images of women’s often partially clothed bodies are shown and female sexuality is used as an effective tool for gaining public attention and increasing product sales, a lot of pressure is put on common women to be sexually attractive and also sexually active (Media Awareness Network). In the advertisement by Calvin Klein for promoting its trademark unisex fragrance CK one (Lunch), a half naked girl is shown standing immediately against a male model who is also half naked so that their bodies are touching each other’s as well as their mouths. With one outstretched arm, the male model is seen grabbi ng the female model and holding a CK one perfume bottle in his hand. The image shown in this fragrance advertisement is no doubt very provocative and fraught with all kinds of sexual suggestions. Both models have been made to pose so proximal to each other that it seems more like a pornography ad than a fragrance ad. Women definitely get exploited by such kinds of advertisements which show no respect for female sex and also such media actions deliver very negative images to the people who start accepting such ideas and believe it is normal for a woman to act provocatively. Culture is especially targeted by such advertisements in which women are over-sexualized so that it is left badly mutilated because no culture can sustain if the society shows no respect for women. Respect in

Personal/ Professional Goals Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

/ Professional Goals - Personal Statement Example I am interested in Public Health program with the aim of specializing in Community Health Education Promotion. Completing the program will empower me to directly serve the underserved and impart knowledge where people lack knowledge on the importance of healthful living. Attained potentials will also help me to work with stakeholders such as government agencies and non-governmental organizations for policy and strategy development and implementation towards better health. I completed my nursing and midwifery studies in England, an opportunity that exposed me to people from different cultural backgrounds and widened my perspective of people’s health care needs and effects of culture on care provision. I then moved to the United States where I completed my undergraduate and graduate studies from the University of Phoenix. I completed the undergraduate program in the year 2002 and the graduate program in the year 2005 and later began my PhD but floods, which forced my relocation, terminated the studies. Extensive social responsibility that includes taking care of my niece and my ailing mother has also been a challenge to my studies. The strain has however reduced as my mother is currently in a nursing facility and my niece is an adult, in college. These explain my better potential to focus my studies and research process and complete the PhD program within the stipulated schedule. My research experience is limited to academic research at my earlier programs. My background knowledge in the nursing profession and my experience in public health however form a strong basis for my research activities in the PhD program such as identification of problems in public health. I am currently working with a Medical Mission group and we travel across the Caribbean and South America. Our work involves identification of people in need and meeting their needs. I have also worked as a bedside

Critical Response of Herzl and Pinsker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Response of Herzl and Pinsker - Essay Example He wanted a Jewish state for the Jews, as if it fell into the very same category. Indeed, the secular approach he championed cleared his ideals of any religious fervor, and left the idea of the Jewish people as something that could only be equated with race and ethnicity. Race also played an important role for Herzl because it defined who the Jews were not. A prime example of this is in the Dreyfus affair, which Herzl does not specifically mention but depends upon because of its historical importance to his audience. Dreyfus was an example of anti-semitism, which Herzl explained was a result of a variety of situations—these being assimilation, success of Jews, and other interactions with Western society. Herzl believed that there was no hope for Jewish assimilation, and this may have contributed to the importance of race in his thinking. Because assimilation was such a problem, race was not just an important factor for Jews, but also was important for non-Jews. The fact that J ews had trouble assimilating into French society, for example, showed that the French race was distinguished from the Jews and thus the religious group was not part of the French racial group. This led to the conclusion that the Jewish people were like a race, separate from European races. Without this establishment of the Jewish people as being racially excluded in Europe, it would be difficult to link the group with Jewish nationalist ideology. After establishing this difference, Herzl could then go on to develop Zionism as a specific nationalistic ideology that exclusively applies to Jews, yet has the same framework as other nationalistic movements that are based off of race and blood. Thus, with no use of religion or language to classify the Jews as a people and a minority, Herzl was left with the concept of race in order to define Jews and bring them together toward a nationalist agenda. In Herzl's writings, the idea of awakening from a sleep as pointed by Anderson in European nationalism is also present in Jewish nationalism. Herzl refers to the history of the Jewish people, and especially stresses that they have a history of weakness which is used a survival strategy. Herzl and Pinsker both discuss the history of the Jewish people, from ancient times to modern times, as one of expulsion and mistreatment. However, these recounts of Jewish history are seen as a point of contrast with what is happening in the modern era, beginning with the hope of Jewish emancipation in Western Europe. The French Revolution, while a great awakening for the Enlightenment movement and for the French people, also showed an example of the Jewish people awakening from not so much a great sleep but a great captivity where they were denied equal status under any governments. Later recognition of their equal status under other states seemed to point to the dawn of a new age. The development of the Jewish state as a solution to the problem of Jewish assimilation and discrimination ushered in a new atmosphere, where Jewish thought suddenly experienced the same sentiment that Anderson mentions. The Jews of Europe underwent an awakening from a deep sleep in their own sense as they began to understand the reason for all their woes and as they began to envision a solution that would bring them out of Europe and into a new land. As Herzl believed that the Jews must be a majority in their own land to finally be emancipated,